- Environmental. Poor Sanitation. No Electricity. Dark and dank. Unhygienic. Open Sewers. Living on Pavements. No Toilets. Cramped Conditions. Disease.
- Economic. Informal Jobs. Basic Infrastructure. Crime. Poverty. Large families to feed. Poorly Paid Work.
- Social. Lack of Privacy. No Formal Education. Insecurity. Crime.
Unplanned and typically located on peripheral or marginal land, squatter settlements have poor infrastructure and inadequate public services, including water, health, and sanitation. Nonetheless, many such settlements endure and grow, over time acquiring public services and rights.
Squatter settlements are residential area in an urban locality inhabited by the very poor. Slums are residential areas which are socially as well physically deteriorated. 2. Such people do not have any access to tenured land of their own therefore they squat on vacant land may be either private property.
Favelas indeed started as squatter settlements due to the absence of public or affordable housing and severe land inequality in Rio in the late 19th and throughout the 20th century when Brazilians fled the countryside to the cities due to limited access to rural land and following the country's particularly late
Juntas are widespread in Latin American countries. Of the 91 squatter settlements which have been studied in 11 different countries, 61 has juntas. Participation of household heads in the juntas ranges from 10-70%. Most squatter invasions are planned or spontaneous radical political action.
The World's Largest Slums:
- Khayelitsha in Cape Town (South Africa): 400,000.
- Kibera in Nairobi (Kenya): 700,000.
- Dharavi in Mumbai (India): 1,000,000.
- Neza (Mexico): 1,200,000.
- Orangi Town in Karachi (Pakistan): 2,400,000.
Rocinha is the largest hill favela in Rio de Janeiro (as well as in Brazil and the second largest slum and shanty town in Latin America). Although favelas are found in urban areas throughout Brazil, many of the more famous ones exist in Rio.
History.
| Service in Favela (Census 2010) | Percent |
|---|
| Illiteracy | 8.4 |
Slums form and grow in different parts of the world for many different reasons. Causes include rapid rural-to-urban migration, economic stagnation and depression, high unemployment, poverty, informal economy, forced or manipulated ghettoization, poor planning, politics, natural disasters, and social conflicts.
The 4 common subregions in Latin America. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and culture. If defined as all of the Americas south of the United States, the basic geographical subregions are North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.
Squatter settlements can be improved through urban planning . The plan to improve Dharavi is called Vision Mumbai. This involves replacing squatter settlement housing with high-quality high-rise tower blocks of flats.
In the Southeast Asia model, the squatter areas are split up with suburban areas, but the squatter areas in the Latin American model are in its own outer ring.
In the slums of Latin America, 117 million people live in poverty. The region's megacities, including Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, and Lima, generate over-crowded living conditions without access to clean water or electricity, poor nutritional status, and often lack of basic health services.
There are two reasons for this: one is internal to the squatter, and the other is external. Internal reasons include, lack of collateral assets; lack of savings and other financial assets; daily wage/low-income jobs (which in many cases are semi-permanent or temporary).
Countries in the region experiencing informal settlement growth are grappling with the same set of systemic problems related to lack of access to affordable housing, inappropriate spatial planning policies and an incomplete system of land management as well as growing urban poverty, though in very different national
The squatter settlement is unplanned and has the following characteristics:
- overcrowded and noisy.
- houses are made from cardboard, wood, corrugated iron, plastic sheeting and metal from oil drums.
- lack of sanitation, clean drinking water and open sewers.
- pollution and disease are common.
In New South Wales, under the Real Property Act 1900, a person can apply to gain the right to adverse possession of the property if they have remained in that same property for a minimum of 12 years.
