Materials that can be compressed are known as soft materials. Examples are cotton, rubber, and sponge. Materials that cannot be compressed are known as hard materials. Examples are steel, rock, and iron.
Those materials which cannot be easily compressed, cut, bent or scratched are called hard materials. Examples: Iron, glass. Those materials which can be easily compressed, cut, bent or scratched are called soft materials.
Hard magnetic materials: These Magnetic materials retain their magnetism in absence of magnetic field and also known as permanent magnets. Alloys composed of iron, cobalt and aluminium are generally acted as hard magnetic materials.
Hard magnetic materials, also referred to as permanent magnets, are magnetic materials that retain their magnetism. Conventional metal magnets, such as alnico and alcomax. Ferrites. Cobalt platinum.
Soft iron is called soft magnetic material because it loses its magnetism easily. Soft iron is used in making electromagnets. Steel is called a 'hard' magnetic material because it does not lose its magnetism so easily. It is used to make permanent magnets.
Soft Ferrites are not permanent magnets. They carry magnetism (like mild steel) but as soon as the magnetic field is removed, the magnetism disappears. Soft Ferrites are popular as transformers (to change the voltage from primary to secondary windings). Soft Ferrites are often called transformer Ferrites.
Soft Iron Base AlloysSoft magnetic alloys are ferromagnetic materials that are easily magnetized and de-magnetized. They rely on various additions of phosphorus, nickel, and silicon to optimize magnetic induction, permeability, and coercive force.
As the soft Iron cannot retain the electro magnetism after electric flow is stopped in the coil wound around the soft iron soft iron not used for making a permanent magnet. so the permanent magnets are made by the magnetic substances which can retain magnetism and have more retentivity like steel.
Magnetic materials are always made of metal, but not all metals are magnetic. Iron is magnetic, so any metal with iron in it will be attracted to a magnet. Most other metals, for example aluminium, copper and gold, are NOT magnetic. Two metals that aren't magnetic are gold and silver.
Soft magnetic materials are those materials that are easily magnetised and demagnetised. They typically have intrinsic coercivity less than 1000 Am-1. The other main parameters of interest are the coercivity, the saturation magnetisation and the electrical conductivity.
Hard magnets, also referred to as permanent magnets, are magnetic materials that retain their magnetism after being magnetised. Practically, this means materials that have an intrinsic coercivity of greater than ~10kAm-1. It is believed that permanent magnets have been used for compasses by the Chinese since ~2500BC.
Opposite poles are attracted to each other, while the same poles repel each other. When you rub a piece of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of the atoms in the iron line up in the same direction. The force generated by the aligned atoms creates a magnetic field. The piece of iron has become a magnet.
Take two magnets put one North pole and one South pole on the middle of the iron. Draw them towards its ends, repeating the process several times. Take a steel bar, hold it vertically, and strike the end several times with a hammer, and it will become a permanent magnet.
Permanent magnets are made from special alloys (ferromagnetic materials) such as iron, nickel and cobalt, several alloys of rare-earth metals and minerals such as lodestone.
Iron gets magnetized faster but loses its magnetism as soon as the inducing magnet is removed. Hence soft iron is said to have high susceptibility but low retentivity.
Iron, nickel, and cobalt are examples of ferromagnetic materials.
Hard magnets have a high coercivity (Hc), and thus retain their magnetization in the absence of an applied field, whereas soft magnets have low values. Permalloy, an alloy consisting of about 20% Fe and 80% Ni, is a soft magnet that has very high magnetic permeability ยต (i.e., a large maximum slope of the B vs.
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| Sr.No. | Soft Magnetic Materials | Hard Magnetic Materials |
|---|
| 7 | Used in transformer cores, motors, generators, electromagnets, etc. | Used in making permanent magnets, magnetic separators, magnetic detectors, speakers, microphones, etc. |
The saturation magnetization Js is the highest in the iron-rich alloys and decreases with increasing nickel and cobalt content. It is generally lower than in crystalline alloys due to the nonmagnetic additions of silicon and boron necessary for glass formation.
Magnetic materials are further classified as soft or hard according to the ease of magnetization.
The most important properties of soft magnetic materials, in addition to high reliability, low cost and suitability for mass production just like other commercial products, are (1) high saturation magnetization, (2) low coercivity, (3) high initial/maximum permeability, (4) high Curie temperature, and (5) low power
: loss of energy in the form of heat due to hysteresis (as in an alternating-current core)
Why soft magnetic materials are used in core of transformers. Transformers deal with Alternating Currents. Thus, the core of the transformers undergoes cyclic magnetization and demagnetization. Also the Eddy current loss for the soft magnetic materials is low.
Ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetic field can can be easily reversed are said to be magnetically soft. They may have high permeability but very small coercivity, and therefore have very narrow hysteresis loops.
The B-H curve is generally used to describe the nonlinear behavior of magnetization that a ferromagnetic material obtains in response to an applied magnetic field.
Coercivity is defined as the minimum value of magnetising intensity that is required to bring the material to its original state. The ability of the magnetic field remaining in the material even after removing the external source is known as Retentivity. It tells us about the magnetic strength of the material.
The domain theory was proposed by Weiss in 1907. According to this theory, ferromagnetic material consists of a large number of tiny regions, and each region gets spontaneously magnetized to saturation. The domains are free to move among those tiny regions. Thus, we get weak magnetization.
Soft-magnetic materials are mainly used in magnetic cores of transformers, motors, inductors, and generators. Of prime importance for applications in cores are a high permeability, low magnetic losses, and a low coercivity.
A simple electromagnet comprises a length of wire turned into a coil and connected to a battery or power supply. You can make an electromagnet stronger by doing these things: wrapping the coil around a piece of iron (such as an iron nail)adding more turns to the coil.
