For multiple citations in one sentence MLA, you will need to mention the name of the first author and then the “et al” phrase (that means others) excluding quotation marks. For instance, “In a discussion by Dee and his colleagues….”or you can include in-text citations in the end as (Dee et al. 43).
For sources with three to five authors, list all the authors the first time, and use “et al.” only in subsequent citations. For sources with six or more authors, use “et al.” from the first citation.
For a direct quotation of two or more sentences with the attribution at the beginning of the first sentence, put a colon, not a comma, after the attribution and place the quotation in double quotation marks. She said: “The motorcycle slid sideways and skidded about 100 feet. The driver was killed.”
When multiple studies support what you have to say, you can include multiple citations inside the same set of parentheses. Within parentheses, alphabetize the studies as they would appear in the reference list and separate them by semicolons. In running text, you can address studies in whatever order you wish.
For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14).
Citing multiple works by the same authorIf you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.
In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a page number enclosed in parentheses. "Here's a direct quote" (Smith 8). If the author's name is not given, then use the first word or words of the title. Follow the same formatting that was used in the Works Cited list, such as quotation marks.
References: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Unit code Title of the study guide: subtitle, edn (if applicable). University Name, Place. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Unit code Title of the study guide: subtitle, edn, rev.
When using APA format, follow the author, date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, e.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
A Harvard reference list must:
- Be on a separate sheet at the end of the document.
- Be organised alphabetically by author, unless there is no author then it is ordered by the source title, excluding articles such as a, an or the.
- Be double spaced: there should be a full, blank line of space between each line of text.
Book (printed, one author)
- Author/editor.
- Year of publication (in round brackets).
- Title (in italics).
- Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition).
- Place of publication: publisher.
Sources written by the same author(s) in different yearsIf you need to refer to two or more sources by the same author in different years, there is no need to keep repeating the author's surname in the citation. Include the surname and the oldest year first, then separate the other years by semicolons (;).
Include information in the following order:
- author (the person or organisation responsible for the site)
- year (date created or last updated)
- page title (in italics)
- name of sponsor of site (if available)
- accessed day month year (the day you viewed the site)
- URL or Internet address (pointed brackets).
Secondary sources
- journal articles that comment on or analyse research.
- textbooks.
- dictionaries and encyclopaedias.
- books that interpret, analyse.
- political commentary.
- biographies.
- dissertations.
- newspaper editorial/opinion pieces.
You should always try to read and cite the original work (the primary source). If it is not possible to do this, you have to cite the original as contained in the secondary source. Your in-text citation should include both authors: the author(s) of the original source and the author(s) of the secondary source.
For example, an autobiography is a primary source while a biography is a secondary source. Typical secondary sources include: Scholarly Journal Articles. Use these and books exclusively for writing Literature Reviews.
Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books.
Examples of secondary sources: Bibliographies. Biographical works.
Secondary sources (citation within citation)In the list of references, record the publication you actually sourced. References: Reference the work of the author who has done the citing.
A secondary source citation occurs when an author quotes, summarizes, or paraphrases a source that was used in another text. See "Primary and Secondary Sources" for more information.
What is an indirect citation or secondary source?
- Include both the original author and the author of the work where quote/idea was found in the in-text reference.
- Add "as cited in" before the author in the in-text reference.
Following the primary author's name with the year in parentheses, like Culver (2006), indicates that you are directly citing the original source. To avoid confusion, just include the year of the secondary source in your text, like Culver (as cited in Jones, 2009).
